The Purple Heart is the oldest military award still presented to American service members. Originally established by George Washington in 1782, it has evolved from a rare badge for meritorious service into a solemn decoration for those wounded or killed in the line of duty.

George Washington created the "Badge of Military Merit" on August 7, 1782, at his headquarters in Newburgh, New York. The original award was a heart-shaped piece of purple cloth or silk edged with narrow silver lace, with the word "Merit" stitched across it. It was the first U.S. award open to enlisted soldiers (non-commissioned officers and privates) for "any singularly meritorious action."

The award fell into disuse for nearly 150 years until it was revived by Army Chief of Staff General Douglas MacArthur on February 22, 1932, the 200th anniversary of Washington’s birth. Elizabeth Will designed the new medal, which features a bust of George Washington in profile and his family coat of arms. While initially still for "merit," it was soon linked to wounds received in action; MacArthur himself received the first modern medal.

Key Milestones:

- 1942: President Roosevelt expanded the award to all military branches (Navy, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard) and authorized posthumous awards.

- 1962: President Kennedy extended eligibility to any civilian serving with the U.S. military (this was later restricted to only military personnel in 1997).

- 1984: President Reagan authorized the medal for those wounded or killed in international terrorist attacks or while serving on peacekeeping missions.

- Modern Era: Criteria now include "friendly fire" incidents (1993) and specific domestic terrorist attacks, such as the 2009 Fort Hood shooting.

Several service members have received up to ten Purple Hearts to date.